Facial recognition can be potentially used for person identification at scale. Camera-based solutions suffer from illumination, occlusion, background cluttering, and change of perspective and fail to support long term identification, e.g., detecting a shopper after two weeks when they show up in a different colored dress in a retail store when body appearances based identification is applied. For example, ultrasonic sensor-based identification does not scale to thousands of reappearing shoppers in retail stores. However, there are shortcomings of each of these sensing modalities. For example, when an active shooter in a building has been identified through a security camera, targeted and customized messages can be sent to different groups of people in different parts of the building through accurate identification to help to find safe escape routes – instead of sending a generic SMS to everyone, possibly including the shooter.Ī wide variety of sensing technologies exist for human sensing, motion trajectory estimation, and identification that uses cameras, WiFi, Bluetooth, and ultrasonic sensors. Once a class of people is identified, that can be leveraged for public address based on additional contexts. For surveillance, it is useful to identify and track a limited set of people from a crowd, e.g., tracking undercover police agents from a group of people to ensure their safety. For example, in retail stores, it is useful to capture customer behavior to determine an optimal layout for product placement, detecting re-appearing shoppers after weeks to track shopper retention rate, separating employees from shoppers to generate an accurate heatmap of motion pattern of (only) shoppers. Human sensing, motion trajectory estimation, and identification have a wide range of applications, including in retail stores, surveillance, public safety, public address, and in access control. In a real-world environment, EyeFi’s accuracy of person identification averages 75% when the number of people varies from 2 to 10. Based on extensive evaluation using real-world data, we observe that EyeFi improves WiFi CSI based AoA estimation accuracy by more than 30% and offers 3,800 times computational speed over the state-of-the-art solution. In order to do that, EyeFi uses a student-teacher model to train a neural network to estimate the Angle of Arrival (AoA) of WiFi packets from the CSI values. EyeFi integrates a WiFi chipset to an overhead camera and fuses motion trajectories obtained from both vision and RF modalities to identify individuals. In this paper, we propose a novel system – called EyeFi– that combines WiFi and camera on a standalone device to overcome these limitations. Existing solutions either require facial recognition or installation and maintenance of multiple units, or they lack long-term re-identification capability. Interestingly, only 52 percent accepted alternate when used in the same sentence.Human sensing, motion trajectory estimation, and identification are central to a wide range of applications in many domains such as retail stores, surveillance, public safety, public address, smart homes and cities, and access control. In our 2009 survey, 87 percent of the Usage Panel accepted this sentence. It may also refer to a variant or substitute in cases where no choice is involved, as in We will do our best to secure alternative employment for employees displaced by the closing of the factory. As an adjective, alternative can mean "allowing or requiring a choice between two or more things," as in We wrote an alternative statement in case the first was rejected by the board.Constructions like a number of alternatives must now be considered standard. In 2009, fully 87 percent of the Panel accepted the sentence There are plenty of alternatives to straightforward advertising, and 85 percent accepted There are many new antibiotic alternatives to penicillin. This reasoning is based on the word's historical relation to Latin alter, "the other of two." Even in the 1960s, some 58 percent of the Usage Panel did not favor this edict, and now that majority is overwhelming. Usage Note: A traditional view holds that alternative should be used only when the number of choices involved is exactly two.
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